AKSESIBILITAS SPASIAL KE PUSAT KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT(PUSKESMAS) DI KOTA MEDAN DENGAN METODE ENHANCE TWO-STEP FLOATING CATCHMENT AREA (E2SFCA)

Mardhiatul Husna, Jenny Sari Tarigan

Abstract


Accessibility of Community Health Center (Puskesmas) facilities is the level of convenience for the community to reach the Puskesmas. So far, the accessibility of Puskesmas has only been measured from the aspect of availability and has not paid attention to the spatial aspects of travel time and distance. Medan City is an area that does not yet have a spatial accessibility calculation. This activity aims to calculate the accessibility and map the distribution of Puskesmas in Medan City. Spatial accessibility is measured based on travel time to the nearest Puskesmas, Puskesmas service area, and accessibility index. Accessibility calculations involve data on health facilities, residential buildings, and road networks. The speed of each road segment in the network is corrected based on its slope extracted from the National Digital Elevation Model (DEMNAS). Calculation of travel time to the nearest Puskesmas using OD Cost Matrix network analysis. The same network analysis was also used to calculate the accessibility index value, but with a time limit of 8 minutes. The accessibility index was calculated using the Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) method. The Puskesmas service area is calculated using Service Area network analysis with 8 and 15 minute travel time intervals. On the other hand, the distribution of the Puskesmas was mapped by overlapping the Puskesmas data with population density and landform to obtain a pattern of distribution. The population density presented in the form of a heatmap is the result of data processing of residential buildings and population numbers using the Point Density tool. Meanwhile, the shape of the land is analyzed from the slope and hillshade which is the result of DEMNAS processing. The results of this study present the distribution of puskesmas facilities in the city of Medan, where the distribution of health centers in the city of Medan is in accordance with the rules where there is a minimum of 1 health center per sub-district, but when viewed by comparison with the population in the area there are still areas that are not sufficient in the number of health centers to be able to serve well. Meanwhile, to calculate the accessibility of the Public Health Center, it cannot be done because of the limited spatial data in the city of Medan which is sufficient to build a network dataset so that network analysis can be carried out using the OD Matrix and Service Area methods that will be used for E2SFCA calculations..

Keywords: Accessibility, Community Health Center (Puskesmas), Network Analysis, Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) 

Aksesibilitas fasilitas Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) adalah tingkat kemudahan masyarakat untuk menjangkau Puskesmas. Aksesibilitas Puskesmas selama ini hanya diukur dari aspek ketersediaan saja dan belum memperhatikan aspek spasial waktu tempuh dan jarak. Kota Medan termasuk wilayah yang belum memiliki perhitungan aksesibilitas secara spasial. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk menghitung aksesibilitas tersebut dan memetakan distribusi Puskesmas di Kota Medan. Aksesibilitas spasial diukur berdasarkan waktu tempuh ke Puskesmas terdekat, area layanan Puskesmas, dan indeks aksesibilitas. Perhitungan aksesibilitas melibatkan data fasyankes, bangunan tempat tinggal, dan jaringan jalan. Kecepatan tiap segmen jalan dalam jaringan dikoreksi berdasarkan kemiringannya yang diekstrak dari Model Elevasi Digital Nasional (DEMNAS). Perhitungan waktu tempuh ke Puskesmas terdekat menggunakan analisis jaringan OD Cost Matrix. Analisis jaringan yang sama juga digunakan untuk menghitung nilai indeks aksesibilitas, namun dengan batasan waktu 8 menit. Indeks aksesibilitas dihitung dengan metode Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA). Adapun area layanan Puskesmas dikalkulasi menggunakan analisis jaringan Service Area dengan interval waktu tempuh 8 dan 15 menit. Di lain pihak, distribusi Puskesmas dipetakan dengan menumpang-tindihkan data Puskesmas dengan kepadatan penduduk dan bentuk lahan untuk memperoleh pola sebarannya. Kepadatan penduduk yang disajikan dalam bentuk heatmap adalah hasil pengolahan data bangunan tempat tinggal dan jumlah penduduk menggunakan tool Point Density. Sementara itu, bentuk lahan dianalisis dari slope dan hillshade yang merupakan hasil pengolahan DEMNAS. Hasil penelitian ini menyajikan distribusi fasilitas puskemas di kota Medan, dimana distribusi Puskemas di kota Medan sudah sesuai aturan dimana terdapat minimal 1 Puskemas per kecamatan, namun bila dilihat dengan perbandingannya dengan jumlah penduduk di wilayah tersebut masih ada wilayah yang belum memadai dalam jumlah Puskemas untuk dapat melayani secara baik. Sedangkan untuk menghitung aksesibilitas dari Puskemas belum dapat dilakukan karena keterbatasan data spasial yang ada di kota Medan yang memadai untuk membangun network dataset agar bisa dilakukan analisis network menggunakan metode OD Matrix maupun Service Area yang akan digunakan untuk perhitungan E2SFCA..

Kata kunci: Aksesibilitas, Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas), Analisis Jarigan, Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA)


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/klik.v8i3.408

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